Stephanos of Byzantium - Ethnika
Barbaros: it was understood not of a nation but of speech, as Homer too calls the Karians 'barbarophonoi', since they were enemies of the Ionians. Among later writers it was used as an ethnic term, from which is 'Barbaria'. There is also a region called Barbaria beside the Arabian Gulf, from which the sea is likewise called the 'Barbaric Sea'. But 'barbarikos' is not from 'Barbaria', but from 'barbaros'; for otherwise it would have been 'Barbariakos'.
AI translation — gpt-5.6-sol; Gabe v3
Stephanos excerpt (left) is aligned with matched Herodian passages (right). Colors indicate corresponding overlap spans.
Βάρβαρος, οὐκ ἐπὶ ἔθνους, ἀλλ´ ἐπὶ φωνῆς ἐλαμβάνετο· ὡς καὶ Ὅμηρος τοὺς Κᾶρας βαρβαροφώνους, ὡς πολεμίους τῶν Ἰώνων. εἴρηται παρὰ τοῖς νεωτέροις ἐθνικῶς, ἀφ´ οὗ Βαρβαρία. ἔστι δὲ χώρα παρὰ τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον Βαρβαρία, ἀφ´ οὗ καὶ Βαρβαρικὸν πέλαγος. τὸ δὲ βαρβαρικός οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ βαρβαρία, ἀλλ´ ἀπὸ τοῦ βάρβαρος. ἦν γὰρ Βαρβαριακός.
…ώδαρος ὁ πατὴρ Σιδάκης. Ὕμαρος ὁ πατὴρ Γέλωνος. Ἄψαρος τόπος ἐν Εὐξείνῳ πόντῳ Ἄψυρτος πρότερον λεγόμενος. Τὰ εἰς 'ρος' ὑπερδισύλλαβα δεδιπλασιασμένα κατ´ ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν πρώτην συλλαβὴν εἰς 'ρ' καταλήγοντα προπαροξύνεται, βάρβαρος· οὐκ ἐπὶ ἔθνους, ἀλλ´ ἐπὶ φωνῆς ἐλαμβάνετο ὡς καὶ Ὅμηρος τοὺς Κᾶρας βαρβαροφώνους ὡς πολεμίους τῶν Ἰώνων. εἴρηται παρὰ τοῖς νεωτέροις ἐθνικῶς. Τάρταρος. Κράτης τὸν ὑπὸ τοῖς πόλοις ἀέρα παχύν τε καὶ ψυχρόν τινα καὶ ἀφώτιστον· Ὅμηρος δὲ τόπον εἶναι συνέχοντα τοὺς περὶ Κρόνον καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν ὄντας. λέγεται δὲ ἀρσενικῶς καὶ θηλυκῶς καὶ οὐδετέρως. Γάργαρος ὁ Διός, ἀφ´…