Stephanos of Byzantium - Ethnika
Ankyra: a city in Galatia. Others record it as belonging to Phrygia. It seems, then, [to belong to Phrygia] because it belongs to both; for although it is Galatian, it borders Greater Phrygia. The Galatians from Keltike, as per Strabo in book 12, wandered into these regions, divided into three groups, and apportioned the territory into as many parts. Apollonios, in book 17 of his Karika, relates that the Galatians, being newcomers and having allied themselves with Mithridates and Ariobarzanes, pursued the Egyptians sent by Ptolemy as far as the sea and seized the anchors of their ships; having received territory for settlement as the reward for their victory, they founded a city and named it thus. They founded three cities: Ankyra, after their advantage in the war; another after Pessinous, their leader; and Tavia after the other leader. The ethnonym is 'Ankyranos'.
Ethnonyms ending in '-nos', if formed from the genitive of the primary noun when it ends in a vowel, have a long α in the penult and exceed the genitive by one syllable, though the proposition is not convertible. For not all forms that have α in the penult are derived from feminine nouns. Examples of the former pattern are 'Asianos', 'Kardianos', 'Olbianos', 'Phasianos', from the city Phasis; 'Trallios', 'Trallianos'; 'Sardios', 'Sardianos'. [Examples of the second are] 'Parion', 'Pariou', 'Parianos'; 'Bosporiou', 'Bosporianos'—ethnonyms formed from ethnonyms, just as the possessive 'Rhodiakos' is from 'Rhodios', and 'Samiakos' from 'Samios'—'Kianos' from Kios, a city in Mysia; 'Tianos' from 'Tiou'; 'Karianos' from 'Kariou'; and 'Selymbrianos' from 'Selymbriou'. 'Botryenos' is incorrect if it is formed from 'Botryos'. In this pattern the form exceeds its source by one syllable, and rarely by two, as with 'Taurianos', 'Skorpianos', and 'Zygianos', which appear to be derived from the Skorpoi, Tauroi, and Zygoi, although these too can be derived from the preceding locative terms, 'Zygion', 'Skorpion', and 'Taurion'. The qualification that the proposition is not convertible was added because of 'Hispanos', 'Karmanos', 'Kampanos', 'Germanos', 'Brettanos', 'Oretanos', 'Afrikanos', 'Albanos', and 'Hyrkanos'; for none of these is formed from a genitive ending in a vowel.
Oros says: ‘Those, however, that [do not] end in a vowel tend to have η in the penult, except when adjacent to ρ, in which case they admit two forms, as with “Ankyranos” and “Thyateirenos”, “Germanos” and “Gangrenos”. Of these, the forms from Ankyra... followed the same pattern as “Soranos” and “Bostranos”, while those from the plurals “Thyateira” and “Gangra” are derived from them. But Gangra is also used in the feminine singular.’ [As Polyhistor says, a goatherd tending goats near the place, after founding a city, named it thus; for this was the goat’s name.]
Stephanos excerpt (left) is aligned with matched Herodian passages (right). Colors indicate corresponding overlap spans.
…· Γαλατῶν γὰρ οὖσα ὅμορός ἐστι τῇ μεγάλῃ Φρυγίᾳ. οἱ γὰρ ἀπὸ Κελτικῆς Γαλάται, ὡς Στράβων φησὶ δωδεκάτῳ, εἰς τούτους πλανηθέντες τοὺς τόπους τριμερεῖς τε γενόμενοι εἰς τοσαύτας μοίρας διενείμαντο τὴν χώραν. Ἀπολλώνιος δὲ ἐν ἑπτακαιδεκάτῃ Καρικῶν ἱστορεῖ Μιθριδάτῃ καὶ Ἀριοβαρζάνῃ νεήλυδας τοὺς Γαλάτας συμμαχήσαντας διῶξαι τοὺς ὑπὸ Πτολεμαίου σταλέντας Αἰγυπτίους ἄχρι θαλάσσης, καὶ λαβεῖν τὰς ἀγκύρας τῶν νεῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ μισθὸν τῆς νίκης εἰς πολισμὸν λαβόντας χώραν κτίσαι καὶ ὀνομάσαι οὕτως. τρεῖς δὲ πόλεις ἔκτισαν, Ἄγκυραν ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον πλεονεκτήματος, τὴν δὲ ἀπὸ Πεσσινοῦντος τοῦ ἄρχοντος, τὴν δὲ Ταυίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου ἄρχοντος. τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ἀγκυρανός. τὰ εἰς « νος » ἐθνικά, ἐὰν ἀπὸ τῆς γενικῆς το…
…α νῆσος. ἀμφιβόλως ἔχει ἡ τῆς νήσου γραφή. λέγεται γὰρ καὶ διὰ τοῦ 'ο' Κόρκυρα, ἑτέρα δὲ Κέρκυρα ἐντὸς τοῦ Ἰονίου διὰ τοῦ 'ο' μάλιστα λεγομένη Κόρκυρα ἡ καὶ Μέλαινα καλουμένη. ἄγκυρα. ἔστι καὶ πόλις Γαλατίας. Ἀπολλώνιος ἐν ἑπτακαιδεκάτῃ Καρικῶν ἱστορεῖ Μιθριδάτῃ καὶ Ἀριοβαρζάνῃ νεήλυδας τοὺς Γαλάτας συμμαχήσαντας διῶξαι τοὺς ὑπὸ Πτολεμαίου σταλέντας Αἰγυπτίους ἄχρι θαλάσσης καὶ λαβεῖν τὰς ἀγκύρας τῶν νεῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ μισθὸν τῆς νίκης εἰς πολισμὸν λαβόντας χώραν κτίσαι καὶ ὀνομάσαι οὕτως. γέφυρα.
…ς καὶ Σκορπιανός καὶ Ζυγιανός, ἅπερ ἀπὸ τῶν Σκόρπων καὶ Ταύρων καὶ Ζυγῶν παράγεσθαι δοκοῦσι, δυνάμενα καὶ αὐτὰ ἀπὸ τῶν προτέρων παράγεσθαι τοπικῶν, Ζυγίων Σκορπίων Ταυρίων. πρόσκειται οὐκ ἀναστρέφοντος τοῦ λόγου, διὰ τὸ Ἱσπανός Καρμανός Καμπανός Γερμανός Βρεττανός Ὠρητανός Ἀφρικανός Ἀλβανός Ὑρκανός. οὐδὲν γὰρ τούτων ἀπὸ γενικῆς καθαρευούσης. ὁ δὲ Ὦρός φησι “τὰ μέντοι [μὴ] καθαρεύοντα τῷ « η » θέλει παραλήγεσθαι χωρὶς εἰ μὴ τῷ « ρ » παρεδρευόμενα διφοροῖτο, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἀγκυρανός …
…νος' τοῦ 'α' ἐκτεταμένου ὀξύνεται, Ἀγκυρανός, Ἀσιανός, Καρδιανός, Ὀλβιανός, Φασιανός, Τραλλιανός, Σαρδιανός, Παριανός, Βοσποριανός, Κιανός, Τιανός, Ζυγιανός, Ταυριανός, Σκορπιανός. Τοξιανός ἔθνος Ταυρικὸν τὸ καὶ Τόξιοι. Ἱσπανός, Καρμανός, Καμπανός, Γερμανός, Βρεττανός, Ὠρετανός, Ἀφρικανός, Ἀλβανός, Ὑρκανός. Ἀλαμανός ἔθνος Γερμανοῖς πρόσχωρον. Ἀλανός ὄρος Σαρματίας. Ἀμενανός ποταμὸς Σικελίας. Ἀρβαξανός ἔθνος Λιγυστικόν «παρέπλεον δὲ τὴν χώραν τὴν μὲν πρώτην ἔρημον, ἣν ἐνέμοντο πρότερον Ἰψ…
…ου ἄρχοντος. τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ἀγκυρανός. τὰ εἰς « νος » ἐθνικά, ἐὰν ἀπὸ τῆς γενικῆς τοῦ πρωτοτύπου γένοιτο καθαρευούσης, τῷ « α » παραλήγει μακρῷ καὶ μιᾷ συλλαβῇ τῆς γενικῆς περιττεύει, οὐκ ἀναστρέφοντος τοῦ λόγου. οὐ γὰρ ὅσα τὸ « α » κατὰ τὴν παραλήγουσαν ἔχει, ταῦτα ἐκ θηλυκῶν προῆκται. τοῦ μὲν προτέρου παραδείγματος ταῦτα, Ἀσιανός Καρδιανός Ὀλβιανός Φασιανός, ἀπὸ τῆς Φάσιος πόλεως, Τράλλιος Τραλλιανός, Σάρδιος Σαρδιανός, [τοῦ δὲ δευτέρου] Πάριον Παρίου Παριανός, Βοσπορ…
…ύπῳ βεβαρυτόνηται· τὰ γὰρ ἔχοντα διπλασιασμὸν τοῦ 'σ' τῷ 'ε' παραληγόμενα βαρύνεται, θήρεσσι, κύνεσσι οὕτως οὖν τὸ σπέσσι. τὸ γοῦν ποσσί μὴ παραληγόμενον τῷ 'ε' εὐλόγως ὠξύνθη. Πάλιν ἡ γυναιξί σημειούσθω. Αἱ πλεονάσασαι τὸ 'α' κατὰ τὴν παραλήγουσαν παροξύνονται, πατράσι, θυγατράσι, μητράσι. Αἱ μεταπεπλασμέναι ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν εἰς 'ῳ' προπαροξύνονται, πολυπλατάγῳ πολυπλάταγι, διχομήνῳ διχόμηνι. τοῦτο δύναται ἀπὸ τοῦ διχόμηνις «πρὸς γάρ οἱ διχόμηνις ἀπ´…